Competing interests, economic or non-financial.Authors’ contributions Participated in study design and style: DA, BK, KH, PMcNutt, RR. Carried out experiments: DA, BK, JP, BB, KH. Contributed new reagents or analytic tools: N/A. Performed information analysis: DA, BK, JP, KH. Wrote or contributed to the writing on the manuscript: DA, BK, KH, PMcNutt, RR. Other: DA, BK, RR acquired funding for the investigation. All authors read and authorized the final manuscript.Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency ?Joint Science and Technologies Workplace, Healthcare S T Division, an interagency agreement in between NIH/NIAID (Y1-A1-6179-04) plus the USAMRICD (A120-B. P2009-03) and in element by an appointment to the Postgraduate Study Participation Plan in the U.S. Army Healthcare Research Institute of Chemical Defense administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education by means of an interagency agreement between the U.S. Division of Energy and U.103883-30-3 Chemscene S. Army Medical Analysis and Materiel Command (USAMRMC). We acknowledge Dr. Heidi Hoard-Fruchey for giving us the antibodies for our studies around the cholinergic properties and Dr. Dorian Olivera for assisting us with phosgene exposure of cells. We also acknowledge Drs. Shane Kasten and Brian Molles for their careful testimonials with the manuscript and comments.Andres et al. BMC Neuroscience 2013, 14:49 http://biomedcentral/1471-2202/14/Page 12 of21. Ray P, Millard CB, Petrali JP, Berman JD, Ray R: Acetylcholine exocytosis in PC12 cells deficient in SNAP-25. Neuroreport 1997, 8(9?0):2271?274. 22. Williamson LC, Halpern JL, Montecucco C, Brown JE, Neale EA: Clostridial neurotoxins and substrate proteolysis in intact neurons: botulinum neurotoxin C acts on synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa. J Biol Chem 1996, 271(13):7694?699. 23. Aufderheide M: Direct exposure methods for testing native atmospheres. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2005, 57(Suppl 1):213?26. 24. Aufderheide M, Knebel JW, Ritter D: A technique for the in vitro exposure of human cells to environmental and complex gaseous mixtures: application to many types of atmosphere. Altern Lab Anim 2002, 30(four):433?41. 25. Aufderheide M, Knebel JW, Ritter D: An enhanced in vitro model for testing the pulmonary toxicity of complicated mixtures which include cigarette smoke. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2003, 55(1):51?7. 26. Aufderheide M, Knebel JW, Ritter D: Novel approaches for studying pulmonary toxicity in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2003, 140?41:205?11. 27. Aufderheide M, Mohr U: CULTEX n alternative strategy for cultivation and exposure of cells in the respiratory tract to airborne pollutants at the air/liquid interface.Formula of 6-Amino-2-bromo-3-methylbenzoic acid Exp Toxicol Pathol 2000, 52(3):265?70.PMID:24456950 28. Hanada M, Krajewski S, Tanaka S, Cazals-Hatem D, Spengler BA, Ross RA, Biedler JL, Reed JC: Regulation of Bcl-2 oncoprotein levels with differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Res 1993, 53(20):4978?986. 29. Herrero CJ, Garcia-Palomero E, Pintado AJ, Garcia AG, Montiel C: Differential blockade of rat alpha3beta4 and alpha7 neuronal nicotinic receptors by omega-conotoxin MVIIC, omega-conotoxin GVIA and diltiazem. Br J Pharmacol 1999, 127(six):1375?387. 30. Huang L, Keyser BM, Tagmose TM, Hansen JB, Taylor JT, Zhuang H, Zhang M, Ragsdale DS, Li M: NNC 55?396 [(1S,2S)-2-(2-(N-[(3-benzimidazol-2-yl)propyl]N-methylamino)ethyl)-6-fluo ro-1,two,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphtyl cyclopropanecarboxylate dihydrochloride]: a brand new selective inhibitor of T-type calcium channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004, 309(1):19.